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Motorcycle Helmets

Motorcycle Helmets – A Brief Overview

It took a much longer time than one might expect after the invention of the motorcycle in 1885 for people to recognize the need for the motorcycle helmet.

Of course, the earliest motorcycles were incapable of the speeds we see in the “hogs” and “crotch-rockets” of today, so the earliest motorcycle riders didn’t have much need for any sort of protective headwear.

From the 1930’s through the 1950’s, however, two American motorcycle builders – Harley-Davidson and Indian – were in direct competition to create the fastest and most impressive motorcycles available. As the bikes became more powerful and faster, the number of motorcycle-related casualties increased. The need for protective clothing and headwear became apparent.

In 1953 a professor at the University of Southern California (USC), C.F. “Red” Lombard invented and patented the first commercial motorcycle helmet. Lombard’s creation sparked US manufacturers to start mass-producing helmets intended for motorcycle riders. The beginnings of the modern motorcycle helmet were underway.


Types of Motorcycle Helmets

Today there are three main types of motorcycle helmets made and sold in the US and other countries. These include the full face helmet, the ¾ helmet, and the ½ helmet. Each provides various degrees of coverage and protection. The helmets of today are constructed of Kevlar (the same material that is used in military helmets, body armor, and bullet-proof vests), various plastics, or carbon fiber.

A full face helmet, as its name would imply, covers the rider’s entire skull. It curves under slightly at the base of the skull to provide protect the base of the skull and has a protective section fro the front of the chin. The front is open, allowing for visibility, but usually includes a clear or tinted plastic face shield. On most full face helmets the face shield can swivel upwards or be removed.



The ¾ helmet offers less protection than the full face helmet, but is often favored because it is usually more comfortable. It also protects the base of the skull, but does not include protection for the chin. A ¾ helmet may have a visor to protect the rider’s eyes from sunlight or oncoming headlights, but usually has very little protection for the face. This can be important, even during normal riding (without an accident or crash), as insects, dust and debris, and wind can pose a problem for a rider without eye or face protection. Riders using ¾ helmets will often use wrap-around sunglasses to protect their eyes and a scarf or bandanna over the mouth and nose.

The ½ helmet offers the least protection of all three styles. It has the same frontal design as the ¾ helmet, but a raised rear, offering no protection to the base of the skull. The ½ helmet, in most cases, provides the bare minimum of protection required by most US helmet laws.


Motorcycle Helmet Construction

Motorcycle helmets are designed with the intent that they will break upon a strong enough impact. This is a good thing for the rider, because it will allow the inertia of the crash to expand outward – rather than letting the rider’s skull take the remaining force which, obviously, would be a bad thing for the rider.

The motorcycle helmet offers two “layers” of protection. The outer shell of the helmet is constructed of the plastic, Kevlar, or carbon fiber mentioned above. The inner layer of the helmet consists of a lining made of expanded polystyrene or polypropylene foam. The outer shell is designed to prevent the helmet being punctured by sharp objects (some helmets can deflect bullets) which could cause serious injury in a crash.

The inner lining allows for some “play” between the outer shell of the helmet and the rider’s skull. Think of the inner lining as something of a “shock absorber.” Without it, the outer portion of the helmet would offer little protection from the effects that the laws of physics have on a body in motion suddenly meeting an immovable object.

When the rider’s head meets with the pavement, a vehicle, or some other object (walls, trees, etc), the inner layer acts as a cushion, helping to decelerate the cranium so it does not take the full impact of the collision.

It’s an imperfect system, since the lining can only be so thick and the thickness needed depends upon a number of factors during the crash. Too little cushion and the skull will take a big percentage of the impact. If there’s too much, however, the skull can be damaged inside the helmet itself. In both cases, however, the end result is preferable by far to the outcome if the rider had no helmet at all.




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